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重建第四纪冰川作用的范围是研究高原地貌演化的重要内容。我们从文献和野外工作中收集了关于青藏高原及周边山地的141组数据，数据包括冰碛垄的高度及其对应的古冰川的长度。这里的冰碛垄高度定义为由冰碛垄脊部到相邻河谷谷底高差的最大值。分析冰碛垄高度和古冰川长度的相互关系并对其进行回归，发现相对于终碛垄，侧碛垄的高度与古冰川长度有更好的相关性，相关系数平方为0.44，侧碛垄比终碛垄保存相对完好更能表示冰碛垄的原始形态。侧碛垄的高度与古冰川长度的相关性在干旱气候区比湿润气候区更紧密，前者相关系数平方为0.67，后者为0.32，这是因为干旱气候区的地貌保存更好，湿润气候区的高降水及冰川消融对冰碛地貌有更严重的流水侵蚀和物质搬运，从而导致对冰碛垄的相对更为严重的破坏。全新世冰期形成的侧碛垄的高度与冰川长度的相关系数为0.85，相关性比之前的冰期都要好，因此对于终碛垄被破坏以致无法界定末端位置的古冰川，通过侧碛垄的高度来推测当时冰川的长度有重要意义。对两个线性关系比较明显的模型进行回归误差分析表明，干旱气候区的侧碛垄高度推测对应冰川长度的误差为38％，全新世冰期模型的回归误差为30％。本文是评估冰川规模对地貌演化的初步工作，对于后继工作有着重要意义。

Reconstructions of the extent of Quaternary glaciations provide important knowledge of landform evolution on the Tibetan Plateau. The heights of moraines and the lengths of corresponding former glaciers in Tibet and its surrounding mountains were statistically analyzed using values for 141 observations collected from the literature and field measurements. The height of a moraine is defined as the difference between the elevation of the highest point of a lateral moraine and the elevation of the nearby valley bottom. The results show that the height of a lateral moraine is more closely related to the length of the former glacier than with the height of its end moraine. The lateral moraine was preserved better and more accurately represents the original shape of the moraine. The correlation between the height of a moraine and length of a glacier from lateral moraines in arid areas is better than that in maritime areas. This results from better preservation in arid areas. The high precipitation in the maritime areas results in stronger fluvial erosion and mass movement, and consequently is very effective in modifying and/or destroying moraines. The correlation between heights and lengths of lateral moraines is much better for Holocene than for older glaciations. Therefore, the correlation of the heights of Holocene lateral moraines to the lengths of glaciers is helpful for reconstructing the extent of Quaternary Glaciation when end moraines are not preserved. This in turn is a first step towards assessing the relative importance of glaciers in landscape evolution across orogens.

摘 要 ························································································································· I
ABSTRACT ···················································································································· II
目 录 ······················································································································· III
论文中插图与表格 ··································································································· IV
引言···························································································································· 1
第一章 青藏高原及其周边山地冰川地貌研究 ························································· 3
§1.1 研究意义 ·········································································································· 3
§1.2 研究区域概况 ·································································································· 5
§1.3 常用研究方法及存在问题 ············································································ 10
第二章 数据处理 ········································································································ 13
§2.1 研究方法及方法依据 ···················································································· 13
§2.2 数据来源 ········································································································ 16
§2.3 GPS 数据模拟与冰碛垄高度数据的提取 ····················································· 18
§2.4 数据统计与可靠性分析 ················································································ 21
第三章 相关性分析的结果与探讨 ············································································ 23
§3.1 模型结果 ········································································································ 23
§3.2 模型探讨 ········································································································ 26
第四章 结论与展望 ···································································································· 29
参考文献 ······················································································································ 30
个人简历 ······················································································································ 39
攻读硕士学位期间发表学术论文 ·············································································· 40
致 谢·························································································································· 41

论文中插图与表格
图1 青藏高原冰期气候变化与亚洲季风系统及全球气候变化之间的反馈过程和
机制框架图（刘东生等，1999）
Fig.1. Map of feedback process and mechanism framework between climate
change in Tibetan Plateau, Asian monsoon system and global climate change
(After Liu et al., 1990).
图2 亚洲中部主要大气环流图（Benn and Owen, 1998）
Fig.2. Summary maps showing the main air flows associated with (A) the south
Asian winter and summer (B) monsoon in central Asia (After Benn and Owen,
1998)
图3 第四冰川遗迹与现代冰川分布(根据李柄元等，2005 改绘)
Fig.3. Quaternary glacial area and modern glacier distribution (After Li et al.,
2005)
图4 终碛垄的蚀积系数: (a) 按不同冰期分 (b) 按不同的气候区分
Fig. 4. Coefficient of erosion and accumulation of end moraine: (a) divided by
glaciation (b) divided by climate area
图5 冰碛垄形成图解(据Boulton and Eyles, 1979）
Fig.5. Map of lateral moraine formation after Boulton and Eyles (1979)
图6 青藏高原及周边地区现代冰川长度与冰川高度相互关系
Fig.4. Relationship between modern glacier thickness and its length
图7 数据点分布图
Fig.7. data source map
图8 念青唐古拉山北坡的曲嘎切河谷的DGPS 测量. (A) DGPS 测量工具
MobilMapper (B) 工作人员正在进行测量 (C) DGPS 测线
Fig. 8. Measurements of the moraines in Qugaqie Valley, north slope of
Nianqingtanggula. (A) DGPS tool, (B) ongoing measurement in the field and (C)
tracking lines of the DGPS measurements for Pleistocene moraines.
图9 用Surfer 软件模拟出来的察贡沟口右侧的侧碛垄地形的三维显示
Fig.9. 3-D display of glacial landform of Chagong valley of the north slope of
Nianqingtanggula Range modeled by Surfer softerware
图10 模拟的曲嘎切沟口右侧的侧碛垄等高线及若干剖面图，其中的H 是某一剖
面侧碛垄脊部到河谷谷地的高差
Fig.10. Contours map of the glacial landform at the mouth of Qugaqie valley in
the north slope of Nianqingtanggula Range modeled from DGPS measurements
and the cross sections of along the lateral moraine. H means the relative heights of
the moraine ridge to the valley bottom
图11 冰碛垄的高度与对应的古冰川长度的相互关系图
Fig.11. Relationships between the relative heights of moraines and the lengths of
the corresponding former glaciers: (A) all lateral moraines; (B) all end moraines;
(C) lateral moraines in the maritime area; (D) lateral moraines in the arid area; (E)
lateral moraines formed during the Holocene; (F) lateral moraines formed during
the Last Glaciation; (G) lateral moraines formed during the Penultimate period; (H)
end moraines in the maritime area; (I) end moraines in arid area; (J) end moraines
formed during the Holocene; (K) end moraines formed during the Last Glaciations;
(L) end moraines formed during the Penultimate period.
图12 回归误差图
Fig.12. Relative error versus the length of glaciers. The circles indicate relative
error of linear regression of glaciers of arid area and the crosses indicate relative
error of Holocene glaciations.
表1 中国冰期与海洋同位素阶段（MIS）比较表（施雅风，2002b）
Table 1 Comparison between China Glaciations and MIS (After Shi, 2002b)
表2 论文所用冰碛垄高度数据和古冰川长度数据的统计结果
Table 2 Statistical parameters of moraines for estimation of relative errors of
measurements for heights of moraines.
表3 由气压测高仪测量的冰碛垄高度数据相对于DGPS测量数据的误差
Table 3 Estimation of the relative error of the heights of moraines measured in
topographic maps or barometric hypsometry in comparison with those determined by the DGPS