图书馆知识库

This study investigates the spatial and temporal distribution of hydro-meteorological time series data from 1961 to 2014 in the upper Indus basin, Pakistan. A non-parametric Mann-Kendall test with Trend free pre-whitening technique (TFPW) and Sen's slope has been applied on the annual and seasonal precipitation, temperature and discharge data. The results show that the minimum and maximum temperature have warming trends and the trends keep increasing with the elevation. During the winter season, maximum temperature has a significant increasing trend with Sen's slope of 1.87, 1.76, and 1.26 degrees C per 64 years in higher, central and lower regions of the upper Indus basin, respectively, and same trends were found in spring maximum and minimum temperatures. Precipitation time series also show increasing trends. Discharges during the winter and spring seasons increase due to increase in temperature, and during the summer season it is decreasing. The altitudinal variability impacts have produced the increase in annual discharge in River Hunza, Shigar, Astore, Chitral, Shoyk. and Gilgit whereas decrease in river Indus (at Br. Khairabad and Kharmond, Alam bridge), Kabul (at Nowshera), and Swat (at Kalam) under the climate change condition. The reduction in discharges during the summer season and increase in during the winter and spring seasons require that proper reservoir (Tarbela, Manlgla) operating policy should be planned for efficient management of fresh water resources.