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SRM融雪径流模型在喜玛拉雅北坡卡鲁雄曲的开发及其应用
卢巍
Subtype硕士
Thesis Advisor刘景时
2008-07
Degree Grantor中国科学院研究生院
Place of Conferral北京
Degree Name硕士研究生
Degree Discipline自然地理学
Keyword融水径流  卡鲁雄曲  srm  喜玛拉雅山
Call NumberS000011
Abstract

在全球变暖的环境背景下,冰川退缩对水资源,尤其是对以冰川融水补给为主的河流影响巨大。在我国,冰川水资源更是干旱半干旱地区人民生存和社会赖以发展的生命线。因此,探讨冰川融水径流的变化趋势、影响因素、以及对气候变化的响应等科学问题有着重要的科学及其现实意义。 使用水文模型研究水资源问题的优点在于可以利用它研究气候变化和水资源的因果关系及流域水资源对气候变化的敏感性。目前很多国家已经把水文模型模拟的方法应用到不同水文气候条件下的河流流域。本文选取我国喜玛拉雅山一侧唯一具有长期水文观测资料的卡鲁雄曲为典型区域,用SRM融雪径流模型对其径流进行模拟及其预测对气候变化的响应,所得结果将对研究喜玛拉雅山地区冰雪融水径流对气候变暖的响应有一定的指导意义。本文主要研究成果包括:(1)对卡鲁雄曲近20年的气象、径流资料分析表明,该流域的消融期为4月下旬到10月末,季风期为6-9月,日均流量在7、8月达到最大值。年径流量的变差系数Cv为0.14,年径流量年际极值比为2.1。用Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法检验气温,结果发现气温从1984年有上升趋势,对降雨序列进行检验,结果表明在1971年发生了上升的趋势,但是随后没有通过0.05的显著性检验。(2)选取卡鲁雄曲流域作为研究区,利用SRM模型模拟枯水年、丰水年和平水年的融雪经流,取定该地区的模型参数,通过拟合优度系数Nash-Sutcliffe系数(R2)和体积差(Dv[%])可以看出模拟结果较好的模拟了该流域的径流,说明SRM模型适用于冰川区域。根据已有研究设定情景进行预测,假设冰川覆盖率不变,到2020年温度和降水分别增加1.12℃和17%,径流分别增加9.4%和12.5%;到2050年,温度和降水分别增加2.14℃和32%,径流量分别增加11.6%和23.3%。

Other Abstract

With Global warming, the retreat of glaciers for water resources, especially for river which is mainly supplied by snowmelt water will conduct enormous impact. The Karuxung River in the Northern Himalayas which mainly sources from glaciered region has 52 existing glaciers with a total area of 59.42 km2. Introduced some simple conceptual hydrological models, and recalled of the application of model in the Himalayan region in the past 20 years. Using Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM), developed a distributed hydrological model, and simulated the various daily runoff. The results show that: in the case of without remote sensing data, applying the snow coverage as inputing variable which is calculated by initial air temperature, the Nash-Sutcliffe and Volumetric Diff which are used to estimate for the simulated accuracy for a low, a high and a normal water in year 1986, 1987 and 1994, are touched an expectant level. Based on the results of this simulation, the SRM is applied to perform meltwater runoff with a possible variability under increasing precipitation 17~32% and rising air temperature of 1.12~2.14℃, respectively. The simulation result suggest that :(1) the parameters which are chosen to simulate the snowmelt runoff in the Karuxung watershed are proved correct, and the depletion curves of snow coverage which is computed by air temperature also are proved suitable to reflect the true situation;(2) The forecast result showed that the total amount of snow runoff enlarged greatly under possible changes in precipitation and air temperature. The period of snowmelt will be onset an early date during spring when temperature is rising by 1.12~2.14℃and the meltwater from glacial area will be increased in August and September.

Department环境变化与地表过程重点实验室
Subject Area自然地理学
MOST Discipline Catalogue理学::地理学
Table of Contents

中文摘要 ..................................................................................................................................... Ⅰ
英文摘要 ..................................................................................................................................... Ⅲ
目 录 ...................................................................................................................................... Ⅴ
图表目录 ..................................................................................................................................... Ⅶ
第一章 绪论 ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 冰川水资源概括 ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 中国及西藏冰川水资源概括 ............................................................................................. 1
1.3 冰川对水资源的补给作用及其重要意义 ........................................................................... 1
1.4 水文模型对冰川融水径流的研究及其意义 ....................................................................... 3
第二章 卡鲁雄曲流域概况 ................................................................................................... 5
2.1 羊卓雍错流域概况 ............................................................................................................ 5
2.2 卡鲁雄曲流域自然概况 ..................................................................................................... 6
2.3 卡鲁雄曲水文气象变化特征分析 ...................................................................................... 8
第三章 水文模型概论 ............................................................................................................ 16
3.1 水文模型的发展 .................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 水文模型的分类 .................................................................................................................... 17
3.3 融雪径流模型综述 ................................................................................................................ 18
3.4 喜玛拉雅山径流模拟研究进展 ............................................................................................ 21
第四章 SRM 融雪径流模型及其应用 ................................................................................ 28
4.1 SRM 模型的原理及其模型的介绍 .............................................................................................. 28
4.2 模型精度评价...............................................................................................................................29
4.3 参数的确定和资料的来源 ........................................................................................................... 29
4.4 融雪径流的模拟以及评价 ........................................................................................................... 35
4.5 融雪径流模型的应用 ................................................................................................................... 37
4.6 对卡鲁雄曲1983-2003 年的月径流量模拟 ........................................................................ 41
4.7 SRM 融雪径流模型在纳木那尼的应用 ...................................................................................... 42
4.8 小 结 .............................................................................................................................................. 40
第五章 结论与展望 .............................................................................................................. 46
参考文献 ..................................................................................................................................... 48
个人简历 ..................................................................................................................................... 53
致 谢 ..................................................................................................................................... 54

图目录
图1.1 中国冰川分布图 ..................................................... 2
图2.1 羊卓雍错流域位置图 ................................................. 6
图2.2 卡鲁雄曲位置图 ..................................................... 7
图2.3 1983-2000 年月均气温、降水和径流量 ................................. 9
图2.4 翁果水文站1983-2000 年气温、降水距平图 ............................ 10
图2.5 翁果站1986、1987、1994 年的月均径流量、气温、降水量 ............... 12
图2.6 翁果站1983-2003 年温度(A)和降水(B)的Mann-Kendall 趋势检验 ..... 15
图3.1 融雪径流模型的一般结构 ............................................ 21
图3.2 喜玛拉雅山冰川分布图 .............................................. 23
图3.3 模型在喜玛拉雅山地区应用地点 ...................................... 27
图4.1 卡鲁雄曲流域1994 年退水过程散点图 ................................. 33
图4.2 卡鲁雄曲流域1986、1987 和1994 年融雪径流实测和模拟的径流量比较 .... 36
图4.3 融雪径流在气候变化下的响应 ........................................ 39
图4.4 卡鲁雄曲流域1983-2003 年融雪径流实测和模拟的径流量比较 ............ 41
图4.5 玛旁雍错流域位置图 ................................................ 42
图4.6 纳木那尼流域DEM(左)、冰川分布(中)、河网分布图(右) .......... 42
图4.7 纳木那尼流域1983、1992、2002 年消融期模拟日均流量 ................. 43


表目录
表1.1 中国各山系现代冰川数量与分布 ....................................... 3
表2.1 卡鲁雄曲月气温、降水的Sen 坡度估计 ................................ 14
表4.1 卡鲁雄曲流域的高程分带、各分带的面积和平均高度 .................... 31
表4.2 融雪径流在气候变化下的响应 ........................................ 40
表4.3 纳木那尼流域消融期温度梯度 ........................................ 42
表4.4 卡鲁雄曲流域1994 年融雪期SRM 模型部分水文参数 ..................... 43

Pages57 页
URL查看原文
Language中文
Document Type学位论文
Identifierhttp://ir.itpcas.ac.cn/handle/131C11/1204
Collection图书馆
Recommended Citation
GB/T 7714
卢巍. SRM融雪径流模型在喜玛拉雅北坡卡鲁雄曲的开发及其应用[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院,2008.
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