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青藏高原东北部受控于三大断裂系：阿尔金断裂系、东昆仑断裂系和祁连断裂系，该区域成为解决青藏高原隆升的关键部分，祁连山南北两侧的柴达木盆地和酒泉盆地新生代地层较发育，此两大盆地为青藏高原东北缘隆升提供了理想的研究场所。本文主要通过祁连山南北两侧柴达木盆地红沟子剖面和酒泉盆地榆木山地区肃南－榆木山剖面晚新生代地层系统的高精度磁性地层研究，揭示柴达木盆地红沟子剖面晚新生代地层年代约为：上油砂山组16.5-9.8 Ma；狮子沟组9.1-4.8 Ma；酒泉盆地肃南剖面晚新生代地层年代约为：白杨河组>27.07-<24.73 Ma，疏勒河组>13.51-<9.58 Ma；酒泉盆地榆木山剖面晚新生代地层年代约为：疏勒河组顶部约5.23 Ma，玉门砾岩约3.58-0.93 Ma，酒泉砾岩底部约0.84 Ma。柴达木盆地红沟子剖面及周边地区地震地层、钻探岩芯、岩性变化、沉积相、古水流、沉积速率、地层接触关系、断裂－生长地层分析等综合研究，揭示该区中新世以来经受七期构造隆升事件：~16.5、14.61-13.70、12.40-11.94、9.8-9.1、8.07-7.34、6.57-5.89、4.8-2.5 Ma，其中发生在~16.5、9.8-9.1和4.8-2.5 Ma的构造抬升事件最强烈，分别在盆地边缘形成显著的角度或平行不整合面及其相应的生长地层；而酒泉盆地榆木山地区渐新世以来经受了五期构造隆升事件：约早中新世初（<24.73->13.51 Ma）、~10、5.23-3.58、2.88-2.58和0.93-0.84 Ma，除约10Ma的构造抬升主要为地层沉积速率和沉积相变化外，其余均表现为显著的平行或角度不整合面。结合全盆地石油地震地质大剖面的平衡剖面恢复研究表明，柴达木盆地新生代地层地壳缩短变形可为分两个大的缓慢期和两个大的快速期，两个快速期分别为中晚始新世－早渐新世（约42.8-31.5 Ma）和中中新世以来（约15.3-0 Ma），尤其约8-2.6 Ma以来最强烈，缓慢期缩短率小（<10%）、缩短速率低（约<0.3 mm/yr），快速期缩短率较大（>10%）、缩短速率较高（约>0.4 mm/yr），约2.5 Ma以来缩短率达到整个新生代缩短量的30%以上，且缩短速率急剧增加超过3 mm/yr；酒泉盆地可分为两个大的快速期和一个大的缓慢期：两个快速期分别为中晚始新世－早渐新世（约40.2-33.4 Ma）和晚中新世以来（约8.3-0 Ma），缓慢期缩短率小（<20%）、缩短速率低（约<10 mm/kyr），快速期缩短率较大（>20%）、缩短速率较高（约>10 mm/yr），约3.66 Ma以来缩短率达到整个新生代缩短量的30%以上，且缩短速率急剧增加超过30 mm/kyr。综合剖面构造沉积研究和平衡剖面分析结果，它们共同表明祁连山南北两侧隆升基本同时进行，总体可分为两个大的旋回，而每个旋回内存在多期构造隆升事件，其中最后一个旋回，尤其~10-8 Ma以来祁连山产生了最快速的急剧隆升，形成今天的构造地貌格局，整个变形隆升过程基本上具有同步异幅特征，不存在过去西方学者普遍认为的东北向逐步生长机制。

The Qaidam Basin and the Jiuquan Basin with thick Cenozoic sediments, in the south and north of the Qilian Shan respectively, are the keys to study the late Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau for their special location, which is controlled by three important fault systems, the Altyn Tangh Fault System in the west, the Eastern Kunlun Fault System in the south and the Qilian Fault System in the north. In this paper, the high-resolution magnetostratigraphic study was done in the Honggouzi section in Qaidam Basin and Su’nan-Yumushan section in the Jiuquan Basin. The result of the Honggouzi section shows that the ages of the Shan Youshashan Fm. and Shizigou Fm. are at ca. 16.5-9.8 and 9.1-4.8 Ma, respectively. The result of the Su’nan section shows the ages of Baiyanghe Fm. and Shulehe Fm. are at ca. >27.07-<24.73 and >13.51-<9.58 Ma, respectively. And the result of the Yumushan section shows that the ages of Shulehe Fm., Yumen Conglomerates Fm. and Jiuquan Gravels Fm are at ca. >5.23, 3.58-0.93 and <0.84 Ma, respectively. The synthetic study of the seismic stratigraphy, drill core, lithological change, sedimentary facies, paleocurrent, sedimentary rate, strata contacting features, fault-growth strata at the Honggouzi area in the Qaidam Basin reveals that they have experienced seven times of tectonic uplifts since the Miocene, at ages ~16.5, 14.61-13.70, 12.40-11.94, 9.8-9.1, 8.07-7.34, 6.57-5.89 and 4.8-2.5 Ma, respectively, in this region and surrounding plateau, and three stongest evenets happened at ca. ~16.5, 9.8-9.1 and 4.8-2.5 Ma among these events, which formed the parallel or angular unconformity and related growth strata. What’s more, the sam study of the Su’nan–Yumu Shan section in the Jiuquan Basin reveals that five events happened since the Oligocene, at early Miocene (<24.73->13.51 Ma), ~10, 5.23-3.58, 2.88-2.58, 0.93-0.84 Ma, respectively. The movement at ~10 Ma is charactered by the change of the sedimentary rate and sedimentary facies, the others are all charactered with obvious paralled or angular unconformity. Moreover, the balance section restoration for the geological seismic profiles in the central and eastern of the Qaidam Basin indicate that during the middle-late Eocene – early Oligocene (~42.8-31.5 Ma) and since the middle Miocene (~15.3-0 Ma) crustal shortening deformation are stronger than the other periods, especially most strongerest since 8-2.5 Ma in the Qaidam Basin and related Tibetan Plateau. During the slowly shortening periods, the shortening ratio is less than 10% and the shortening rate is less than 0.3 mm/yr. While during the rapid shortening periods, the shortening ratio is more than 10% and the shortening rate is more than 0.4 mm/yr, especially since ca. 2.5 Ma, the shortening ratio is more than 30% and the shortening rate is more than 3 mm/yr. As well as, two phases of the rapid crustal shortening deformation happened during middle-late Eocene – early Oligocene (~40.2-33.4 Ma) and since middle Miocene (~8.3-0 Ma) in the Jiuquan Basin and related Tibetan Plateau. During the slowly shortening phase, the shortening ratio is less than 20% and the shortening rate is less than 10 mm/kyr. While during the rapid shortening phases, the shortening ratio is more than 20% and the shortening rate is more than 10 mm/kyr, especially since ca. 3.66 Ma, the shortening ratio is more than 30% and the shortening rate is more than 30 mm/kyr. The results of the structural sediment and balance section reveal that the both side of the Qilian Shan have almost experienced the simultaneous uplift, and the uplift had a character with two similar large cycles with almost the same multistage movements in time. During the late, especially since ~10-8 Ma, the abrupt uplift took place in the Qilian Shan and it’s around region, and formed the current morphotectonic pattern. In generally, the deformation and uplift of the Qilian Shan, with the feature of synchronization and different amplitude, is not the result of the stepwise uplift and propagating NE ward growth.

摘 要..............................................................................................................................................I
Abstract.........................................................................................................................................III
目 录..............................................................................................................................................V
第一章 绪 论.........................................................................................................................1
1.1 青藏高原研究现状.......................................................................................................1
1.1.1 印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的起始时间.............................................................1
1.1.2 青藏高原隆升机制.............................................................................................2
1.1.3 青藏高原隆升过程.............................................................................................4
1.1.4 高原南北隆升起始时间.....................................................................................6
1.1.5 地壳缩短变形及主要断裂的走滑速率.............................................................8
1.2 选题依据及拟解决问题.............................................................................................11
1.2.1 选题依据...........................................................................................................11
1.2.2 拟解决问题.......................................................................................................14
第二章 青藏高原东北缘地质背景.......................................................................................17
2.1 青藏高原东北缘板块.................................................................................................18
2.2 青藏高原东北缘三大断裂系.....................................................................................19
2.2.1 东昆仑断裂系...................................................................................................19
2.2.2 阿尔金断裂系...................................................................................................21
2.2.3 祁连山断裂系...................................................................................................23
2.3 柴达木盆地地质背景.................................................................................................24
2.3.1 柴达木盆地基底...............................................................................................25
2.3.2 柴达木盆地性质...............................................................................................27
2.3.3 柴达木盆地地层层序.......................................................................................29
2.3.4 柴达木盆地地层生长层序...............................................................................32
2.4 河西走廓地质背景.....................................................................................................33
2.4.1 河西走廓断层概况...........................................................................................33
2.4.2 河西走廓地层...................................................................................................36
第三章 古地磁研究...............................................................................................................39
3.1 古地磁研究方法概述.................................................................................................39
3.1.1 古地磁样品采集...............................................................................................39
3.1.2 样品加工和制备...............................................................................................40
3.1.3 古地磁样品退磁分析.......................................................................................41
3.1.4 古地磁结果野外检验方法...............................................................................41
3.1.5 古地磁年代学的建立.......................................................................................42
3.2 柴达木盆地新生代古地磁研究.................................................................................42
3.2.1 柴达木盆地新生代古地磁研究现状...............................................................43
3.2.2 红沟子天然剖面新生代古地磁研究...............................................................46
3.3 河西走廓新生代古地磁研究.....................................................................................65
3.3.1 河西走廓新生代古地磁研究现状...................................................................66
3.3.2 榆木山地区新生代磁性地层研究...................................................................68
第四章 平衡剖面研究...............................................................................................................97
4.1 平衡剖面概述.............................................................................................................97
4.1.1 平衡剖面的发展史...........................................................................................97
4.1.2 平衡剖面的几何学法则...................................................................................98
4.1.3 平衡剖面的主要方法.....................................................................................100
4.1.4 建立平衡剖面的基本步骤.............................................................................102
4.2 柴达木盆地东部平衡剖面研究...............................................................................105
4.2.1 剖面概况.........................................................................................................105
4.2.2 平衡剖面结果.................................................................................................108
4.3 河西走廓平衡剖面研究...........................................................................................118
4.3.1 河西走廓现有平衡剖面研究.........................................................................118
4.3.2 酒泉盆地平衡剖面研究.................................................................................120
第五章 祁连山南北两侧及青藏高原东北缘新生代隆升...................................................127
5.1 祁连山南北两侧柴达木盆地、酒泉盆地与高原隆升...........................................127
5.1.1 祁连山南北两侧新生代地层缩短变形与高原隆升两期旋回特点.............127
5.1.2 中新世初期（~22 Ma）青藏高原东北缘隆升............................................128
5.1.3 中新世晚期（~10-8 Ma）以来青藏高原东北缘隆升.................................129
5.1.4 中更新世青藏高原隆升（“老君庙”运动）.................................................129
5.1.5 磁性地层反映的晚新生代其它构造隆升事件.............................................136
5.2 青藏高原东北部隆升过程.......................................................................................137
5.2.1 早始新世期间印度－亚欧板块碰撞后高原首次响应与变形隆升.............138
5.2.2 中、晚始新世-早渐新世期间青藏高原隆升................................................139
5.2.3 中、晚渐新世-中新世初期期间青藏高原隆升............................................140
5.2.4 早中新世期间青藏高原隆升.........................................................................140
5.2.5 中中新世期间青藏高原隆升.........................................................................141
5.2.6 晚中新世-早、中上新世期间青藏高原隆升................................................141
5.2.7 晚上新世-第四纪期间青藏高原隆升............................................................142
第六章 结论和存在的问题.....................................................................................................145
6.1 主要结论...................................................................................................................145
6.2 存在的主要问题.......................................................................................................146
参考文献.....................................................................................................................................149
发表文章目录.............................................................................................................................163
致 谢...........................................................................................................................................165

图片目录
图 1. 1 青藏高原隆升模式（据李吉均和方小敏，1998）......................................................................5
图 1. 2 青藏高原分步隆升模式（据TAPPONNIER ET AL., 2001）..............................................................7
图 1. 3 青藏高原东北缘分步隆升模式（据MEYER ET AL., 1998）..........................................................7
图 1. 4 青藏高原往南、北两侧分步隆升模式（据WANG ET AL., 2008）................................................8
图 1. 5 青藏高原东北缘现今缩短速率（据ZHANG ET AL., 2004）.......................................................10
图 2. 1 青藏高原主要构造板块................................................................................................................17
图 2. 2 青藏高原东北缘及相邻地区主要构造板块................................................................................18
图 2. 3 青藏高原东北缘DEM图.............................................................................................................19
图 2. 4 东昆仑山断裂系统剖面示意（据汤良杰等，2002）................................................................20
图 2. 5 阿尔金南缘断裂的分段（据崔军文等，1999）........................................................................22
图 2. 6 阿尔金断裂系统剖面示意（据汤良杰等，2002）....................................................................22
图 2. 7 柴达木盆地主要构造纲要图（修改自：青海油田勘探开发研究院，2004）.........................25
图 2. 8 柴达木盆地基底岩性分区图 （据陈世悦等，2000）...............................................................26
图 2. 9 柴达木盆地基底图 （据陈世悦等，2000）...............................................................................26
图 2. 10 柴达木盆地031086-821086地震测线构造解释（修改自青海油田）.....................................31
图 2. 11 柴达木盆地红沟子地区021071地震测线构造解释（修改自青海油田）..............................33
图 2. 12 河西走廓地质图............................................................................................................................34
图 2. 13 酒泉盆地构造与地层演化特征....................................................................................................35
图 2. 14 酒泉盆地综合地层柱状图（据梁世君等，1992）....................................................................37
图 3. 1 采样说明图（引自BUTLER，1998）..........................................................................................39
图 3. 2 野外采样和样品定向示意图........................................................................................................40
图 3. 3 古地磁样品室内切样加工（左）和加工后的样品（右）........................................................40
图 3. 4 正交投影图（左）及主成分分析图（右）................................................................................41
图 3. 5 柴达木盆地新生代地层磁性年代学结果（据杨藩等，1992）................................................44
图 3. 6 柴达木盆地东部路乐河剖面新生代地层磁性年代学结果（据张伟林，2006）.....................45
图 3. 7 红沟子地区简明地质图................................................................................................................47
图 3. 8 红沟子地区下油砂山组地层与侏罗系地层微角度不整合接触................................................47
图 3. 9 红沟子地区狮子沟组地层与上油砂山组地层角度不整合接触................................................48
图 3. 10 红沟子地区七个泉组地层与狮子沟组地层角度不整合接触....................................................48
图 3. 11 红沟子地区代表性样品剩磁矢量正交投影（左）、系统退磁（右）曲线..............................55
图 3. 12 红沟子剖面特征剩磁方向的层面坐标等面积投影....................................................................59
图 3. 13 红沟子剖面磁极性倒转可靠性的“解鞋带法”检验................................................................59
图 3. 14 红沟子剖面磁性地层稳定性的“折叠刀法”检验....................................................................60
图 3. 15 红沟子剖面古地磁磁性地层柱....................................................................................................61
图 3. 16 红沟子剖面年龄-厚度关系与沉积速率变化图...........................................................................62
图 3. 17 红沟子剖面沉积相、磁化率各向异性及砾石AB面测量反映的古水流方向.........................64
图 3. 18 酒西老君庙背斜磁性地层年代（据方小敏等，2004）............................................................67
图 3. 19 榆木山地质图（榆木山地区地理位置见图2.13）（A-B、C-D为采样剖面）........................69
图 3. 20 肃南采样剖面新生代地层与下伏白垩系新民堡组不整合接触................................................69
图 3. 21 肃南剖面实测剖面示意图............................................................................................................70
图 3. 22 榆木山地区肃南剖面代表性样品系统退磁（左）曲线、剩磁矢量正交投影（右）.............81
图 3. 23 榆木山地区肃南剖面特征剩磁方向的层面坐标等面积投影....................................................83
图 3. 24 榆木山地区肃南剖面磁极性倒转可靠性的“解靴带法”检验................................................84
图 3. 25 榆木山地区肃南剖面磁性地层稳定性的“折叠刀法”检验....................................................84
图 3. 26 榆木山地区肃南剖面磁性地层结果............................................................................................85
图 3. 27 榆木山地区肃南剖面年龄-厚度关系与沉积速率变化图...........................................................87
图 3. 28 肃南剖面沉积相及砾石AB面测量的古水流方向.....................................................................89
图 3. 29 榆木山剖面实测剖面示意图........................................................................................................90
图 3. 30 榆木山剖面代表性样品系统退磁（左）曲线、剩磁矢量正交投影（右）............................92
图 3. 31 榆木山剖面特征剩磁方向的层面坐标等面积投影....................................................................94
图 3. 32 榆木山剖面磁极性倒转可靠性的“解靴带法”检验................................................................94
图 3. 33 榆木山剖面磁性地层稳定性的“折叠刀法”检验....................................................................95
图 3. 34 榆木山剖面磁性地层结果............................................................................................................95
图 4. 1 平衡剖面正演模拟策略..............................................................................................................100
图 4. 2 平衡剖面复原法模拟策略..........................................................................................................101
图 4. 3 柴达木盆地中、东部平衡剖面的剖面位置..............................................................................105
图 4. 4 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面1-1´综合地震地质剖面..................................................................106
图 4. 5 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面2-2´综合地震地质剖面..................................................................106
图 4. 6 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面3-3´综合地震地质剖面..................................................................106
图 4. 7 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面4-4´综合地震地质剖面..................................................................107
图 4. 8 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面5-5´综合地震地质剖面..................................................................107
图 4. 9 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面6-6´综合地震地质剖面..................................................................107
图 4. 10 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面2-2´平衡剖面结果...........................................................................113
图 4. 11 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面4-4´平衡剖面结果...........................................................................114
图 4. 12 柴达木盆地中、东部剖面5-5´平衡剖面结果...........................................................................115
图 4. 13 柴达木盆地中、东部各剖面累积缩短率与缩短速率结果.......................................................116
图 4. 14 酒西拗陷旱峡剖面及其平衡剖面恢复（据杨树锋等，2007）...............................................119
图 4. 15 酒东拗陷JD02-43构造剖面及其平衡剖面恢复（据杨树锋等，2007）................................119
图 4. 16 酒西拗陷九个达坂-窟窿山-红山寺构造剖面及其平衡剖面恢复（据杨树锋等，2007）....120
图 4. 17 酒泉盆地新生代地层对比及其磁性地层年代学......................................................................121
图 4. 18 酒泉盆地玉门附近A-B剖面平衡剖面恢复图.........................................................................123
图 4. 19 酒泉盆地瓷窑口附近C-D剖面平衡剖面恢复图.....................................................................124
图 4. 20 酒泉盆地剖面缩短速率与累积缩短率结果..............................................................................125
图 5. 1 柴达木盆地（左）和酒泉盆地（右）平均缩短速率与累积缩短率结果..............................128
图 5. 2 酒泉盆地古地磁采样剖面..........................................................................................................130
图 5. 3 酒泉盆地内玉门砾岩与酒泉砾岩之间不整合野外照片..........................................................131
图 5. 4 酒泉盆地内地震剖面位置图（据杨树锋等，2007）..............................................................131
图 5. 5 酒泉盆地内地震剖面反映的玉门砾岩与酒泉砾岩（据杨树锋等，2007）..........................132
图 5. 6 玉门砾岩与酒泉砾岩之间角度不整合磁性地层对比..............................................................133
图 5. 7 柴达木盆地气候、沉积环境与构造演化关系综合解释图（据张伟林，2006）...................137
图 5. 8 青藏高原火山岩时间分布频度图..............................................................................................138

表目录
表 2. 1 柴达木盆地新生代地层主要划分沿革表....................................................................................30
表 3. 1 红沟子剖面特征剩磁反向检验结果............................................................................................59
表 3. 2 红沟子剖面古地磁结果及其对应的沉积速率............................................................................62
表 3. 3 酒西盆地第三系地层....................................................................................................................66
表 3. 4 肃南剖面特征剩磁反向检验结果................................................................................................85
表 3. 5 肃南剖面古地磁结果及其对应的沉积速率................................................................................86
表 3. 6 榆木山剖面特征剩磁反向检验结果............................................................................................93
表 4. 1 柴达木盆地中、东部平衡剖面恢复得到剖面各标志层长度..................................................109
表 4. 2 柴达木盆地中、东部平衡剖面恢复得到剖面各时期缩短量..................................................109
表 4. 3 柴达木盆地中、东部平衡剖面恢复得到剖面各时期缩短率..................................................109
表 4. 4 柴达木盆地中、东部平衡剖面恢复得到剖面各时期缩短速率...............................................110
表 4. 5 酒泉盆地新生代地层缩短率与缩短速率..................................................................................122